Indonesia is vulnerable to natural disasters, which frequently disrupt ground transportation infrastructure and hinder humanitarian aid distribution. In such conditions, drone-based logistics offers a promising alternative for last-mile delivery to affected areas. This study proposes an integrated optimization framework for humanitarian drone logistics that combines a multi-objective Facility Location Problem (FLP) and a Vehicle Routing Problem (VRP). The FLP determines the optimal locations of drone stations to maximize service coverage while minimizing infrastructure and operational costs, and is formulated as a min-max weighted-sum objective with normalized components. The VRP, solved using a Simulated Annealing (SA) algorithm, optimizes pickup-and-delivery routes with multi-trip capability, subject to drone capacity, distance, and operational time constraints. The framework is evaluated using real disaster data from the 2022 Cianjur earthquake in Indonesia. Results show that a small number of strategically located drone stations achieve high service coverage at a reasonable daily cost, with weight coverage approaching completeness. Routing optimization substantially reduces the deployed fleet relative to the FLP upper bound, demonstrating the added value of the VRP stage as a cost-reduction mechanism. The findings demonstrate that integrated strategic and operational optimization significantly enhances the efficiency and feasibility of drone-based humanitarian logistics, and that objective weight tuning can serve as a practical policy lever for balancing coverage, cost, and equity in disaster relief operations.

Keywords:

drone logistics, humanitarian, facility location, vehicle routing

@article{oscm-2026-1174,
  title={Facility Location and Routing Optimization for Humanitarian Drone Logistics},
  year={2026},
  author={Titi Iswari and Jansen Prayoga and Giovano Alberto and Hilton Tnunay},
  journal={Operations and Supply Chain Management: An International Journal},
  volume={19},
  number={4},
  pages={785--803},
  doi={10.31387/oscm0670551}
}

Titi Iswari, Jansen Prayoga, Giovano Alberto, Hilton Tnunay (2026). Facility Location and Routing Optimization for Humanitarian Drone Logistics. Operations and Supply Chain Management: An International Journal, 19(4), 785-803. https://doi.org/10.31387/oscm0670551